Compare and contrast music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare and contrast music - Essay Example This "Compare and contrast music" outlines the comparison of JS Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto 4 (First Movement – Allegro) and Joseph Haydn’s London Symphony (No.104 First Movement). The most obvious difference between the two pieces is their musical style. JS Bach’s music is synonymous with the Baroque style, with a high contrapuntal texture. The parallel melody lines are tightly and finely woven in Bach’s music. This is evident in the first allegro of Brandenburg Concerto 4. The Brandenburg Concertos contain an assortment of pieces with varying styles. Some were courtly dances like the first concerto, whereas some others invoke a poignant romance like the sixth concerto. Concerto 4 is full of zestfulness and vivacity, particularly the Allegro. It contains many of typical features of Bach’s music, namely, precisely constructed harmonies, harmonic progression, polyphony and intricate part writing. The six concertos as a whole were conceived as experimentation in form. Conventionally the concerto forms identified a solo lead instrument and the other instruments were assigned the status of accompaniments. Such an arrangement is mostly evident in the works of two eminent contemporaries of Bach – George Frideric Handel and Antonio Vivaldi. But unlike Handel or Vivaldi, the musical texture of Bach is such that the distinction between ‘main’ and ‘accompanying’ instruments is constantly challenged. This is deduced from the fact that each melody line can exist on its own accord – they stand as perfectly whole compositions. ... But unlike Handel or Vivaldi, the musical texture of Bach is such that the distinction between ‘main’ and ‘accompanying’ instruments is constantly challenged. (Kanny 2013) This is deduced from the fact that each melody line can exist on its own accord – they stand as perfectly whole compositions. When two such melodies were brought to harmony the music takes on an altogether new dimension. To express in common parlance the sum is much greater than the parts. The greatness of Bach lies in the fact that the parts are themselves complete and rich. This is very much the case in the Allegro of Brandenburg Concerto 4. Here, the flute and two Oboes work in counterpoint to the other, producing a rich and finely knit texture. The other feature of the Allegro in Brandenburg Concerto 4 is its beautifully crafted alternations of tempo. Joseph Haydn is the father of the Symphony. He popularized this form and made it his own. His more than 100 Symphonies composed o ver his lifetime stand testimony to this fact. The piece being perused for this comparative analysis is the first movement of his London Symphony (No.104). The instruments for which it is scored include two flutes, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, two horns in D and G. There are also two trumpets in D to go along with timpani and strings. The introduction begins with strings at a slow yet grandiose fashion, alternating between solemn and triumphant moods. Then the only theme of the movement is introduced. The strings play the dominant role in the theme, which is later transposed in A Major to the woodwinds. This is followed by a codetta. Later the theme is developed again with variation. The theme which was first expressed in D

Japanese Spirit, Western Thinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese Spirit, Western Thinks - Essay Example According to the essay "Japanese Spirit, Western Thinks" findings, Japan has been an expert in taking an idea and transforming it into something sensational. In manufacturing, for example, Japanese practice has greatly advanced by creating a hybrid based on the material and technologies from the West, while maintaining the traditional processes that have proven their worth for centuries. Since practically the most difficult part of ensuring an ideology’s success is to come up with the ideology in the first place, Japan was able to bypass this step and leaped forward to the modification and implementation part, thus keeping their efforts to a minimum while producing the most optimal results at the same time. Furthermore, their selective adaptation allowed Japan to just pick out the aspects of Western culture and ideologies that would apply to their own local flavor. Thus, the result was most often better by leaps and bounds compared to the original. Thus, it may be quite unfair for the author to claim that â€Å"Japan's leaders continue to use these cultural excuses, as they have for 150 years, to mask their own efforts to cling to power and prestige. The ugly, undemocratic and illiberal aspects of Japanese traditionalism continue to lurk behind its admirable elements.† In fact, as the author himself pointed out almost bitterly, Japan has applied this methodology many years before the coming of the Westerners. As an illustration, the religion and language has remained quite intact despite the surge of Western ideologies towards their direction.

Professional and academic background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional and academic background - Essay Example I was enrolled for leadership in teaching advanced writing class to enhance workshop learning for students. I am working as a personal tutor and as a tutor for the university-tutoring program at the University of Rochester; my courses as a tutor include Introduction to Economics, Economic Statistics, Econometrics, Calculus I & II, Theoretical Linear Algebra, Probability. This experience has improved my knowledge requirements in the interdisciplinary subjects of the course. I have thus the strong knowledge and skills for mathematics, economics and interdisciplinary subjects like econometrics, economic statistics that I deserve admission for the course. I published one article per day in a local business page in Chinese Taipei in the summer of 2005; I also attended press conferences and wrote some reports in special columns. I participated in some copy desk editing work, and helped with translating between Mandarin and English. I also made money by doing online business especially in a dvertising field for different Internet sites. In this course once in a week seminars are conducted with the people from the financial world like Wall Street etc, to know about the happenings in the financial world. My skills will be highly helpful to understand the situations. I worked for a library as a Circulation Desk Student Supervisor, Project Supervisor, Stack organizer, this is helpful to complete the assignments related to the library work fastly. Academic background I have a bachelor of science degree in mathematics, Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and minor in philosophy with the GPA of 3.93, 3.91,3.9 respectively. These are the basic requirements of the course. I have a good GPA for the subjects. I have a GRE score of 630 out of 800, which is relatively a good score to get admission. In addition to this I have done some research papers in mathematics of political modeling, on measurements of power, and fairness of voting at the University of Rochester, Rochester, NY. I have done honors senior thesis in Macroeconomic Forecasting, subtopics were Research into the mechanisms and programming techniques of modern forecasting, development and construction of a unique macroeconomic forecasting model. I have received the awards as the Deans list recipient. I am currently member of University of Rochester's Economic council and International Ambassadors Organization. My professional and academic background is such that I can surely get admission into the Advanced degree in Financial Engineering at Columbia

United States History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

United States History - Essay Example The Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770, when the British troops stormed into the Boston mob who was protesting against them at the customs commission. This event is considered to be the foundation of the first battle in the history of American Revolution that took place just five years after that. In the year 1771, the colonies started to grow and hundreds of miles of roads were under construction in New Hampshire alone. In Connecticut, the General Assembly directed Jonathan Trimball, the governor to collect the public papers and letters, which affected the interest of the colony. The foundation of the first independent Anglo-American government took place in East Tennessee by Watauga Association, who was in the need of mutual protection. It was during this time that the House of Burgesses present in the Colony of Virginia reacted negatively to the policies of the British by establishing a committee that contacted other colonies who had the similar defense. This led to the i ssuance of Virginia Resolution by establishing the committee of correspondence. In the year 1772, a satirical essay was written and published by Benjamin Franklin in â€Å"The Public Advertiser†. In the seventeenth century, the war of independence took place between the Great Britain and the thirteen British colonies existed on the eastern seaboard present in North America. The battles of Concord and Lexington that took place between the colonial Minutemen and British Army marked the beginning of the war.

Longevity research Essay Example for Free

Longevity research Essay Today, a great amount of people have learned to enjoy life once again as a senior in the community. This would speak of those in the 70’s and beyond. Life expectancy for Americans, which was a mere 49 years in 1900, has now increased to around 76 years. This we can say is due to improvements in health care, nutrition, and the overall standard of living. Not only are people living longer, but they are becoming more active in their older age, relative to elderly of the past. More older Americans are able carry out their own â€Å"instrumental activities of daily living† (Hodes 2003) As such, the desire for life has grown and billions have been poured into longevity research, an undertaking meant to discover ways and means to extend life. A vast motivation in science has been well-funded to discover how to keep man alive longer, with its aim toward more and more years. (Douglas 2006) There are concerns however one must view in light of this, namely, will a society with many living over a hundred years be actually as beautiful as it seems to present? The first concern would be the quality of life given that although the body may be kept health, the brain will be aging. Surely, the mind at the age of 110 is not as lucid as that of one at the age of 60. There are many diseases that correlate with the aging brain, but let us use the more common Alzheimer’s disease as an example. This is a devastating condition that has been seen to have a profound impact on individuals, families, the health care system, and society as a whole. Demographic studies suggest that if the current trends maintain themselves, the annual number of incident cases of this disease will begin a sharp increase in the year 2030 thereabouts. (Alzheimer’s association 2009) This will be a time that people born between 1946 and 1964 will all be over 65 years. Studies further show that by the year 2050, the number of Americans with the disease could double. Imagine these implications. It’s true that people live longer, but then what quality of life can one have if he lives 20 years more but has lost memory of his family and friends. This disease accounts for around 50-50% of cases of dementia. With increase longevity, there will be a large increase in the prevalence of the disease as people will be living to be older. It can be such difficulty to the individual to live in a condition where for years he is grasping at memories that he cannot recall. It’s an incredible burden to the family as well, as they will now be responsible for more elderly, living longer lives, incapable of self care, and maybe even incapable of recognizing kin. Imagine a scenario where a parent is 110 years old, their child being 85 and their grandchild at 60, how would it be feasible for the turn of care to pass from parent to child in such a scenario where all are classifiable as aged. A second concern is that apart from the aging mind, there is also the aging body. It is true that the individual will be living long, but then there are multitudes of risks that will accompany this. The wear and tear from all the years will now set in as he will now be more prone to multitudes of disease as years go by. Sicknesses like arthritis of the joints, a heart attack, stokes, cataracts, diabetes and many more will all now be factors that come into play. Even worse, should the person gain a long-playing debilitating condition, one with no cure such as the case of Alzheimer’s previously mentioned, then again what kind of quality of life can he sustain? Let’s take a stroke for example. Currently, a stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Statistics show that over 143,579 people die each year in the United States from this condition. Now in terms of long term disability, stroke is the leading cause as people may live on with their life span after a completed stroke. Furthermore, having a stroke does not mean that a person cannot have another one to further cause disability. Now, it is seen that nearly three-quarters of all strokes occur in people over the age of 65. It is also noted that the risk of having a stroke more than doubles each decade after the age of 55. (Internet Stroke Center 2009) This is not even accounting for those who go through strokes at a young age. Now, given this data, imagine the risk for one who is to live until 120 years old. Imagine if a large bulk of population were to live this long, then the worldwide prevalence of stroke survivors would be high. After a stroke, it is very possible for one to lose control of speech, of movement in half a body, of mobility, and sometimes even requiring full time nursing care. The implications on a person and a family would be immense. Given that strokes occur generally in people over 65, imagine having one at 70 and then living for 40 more years. How would one survive that lone without the capacity to communicate. It’s true that one can live with the heart beating, but the question is in terms of quality of life. Another concern that also affects health will be the incidence of depression. A longer life for one spouse would mean having to live through the death of loved ones. Longevity increases the number of years one would live past the death of a spouse and family. Studies can increase life but imagine a scenario where a parent has to live past his spouse children and grandchildren. Again, the concern regarding quality of life comes in play is emotional makeup is indeed a very important aspect of human life. Rebecca Utz, a sociologist at ISR stated: While only about 6 percent of widowed persons had serious financial problems since their spouse died, 63 percent reported less income and 34 percent said their financial strain increased significantly after they were widowed. The negative economic consequences are even more pronounced for women than they are for men, and the declines are lasting, not a temporary drop associated with funeral expenses or estate planning. (About. com 2009) This itself is proof of how one’s death can affect an individual, not only in terms of health and emotion, but in terms of capability to function as well. Increasing longevity means increasing the chances that people will outlive one, or even more spouses, and have to deal with many deaths for many years. Depression rates will increase as a consequence of spouses living well past their mates, their children and maybe even their grandchildren. A study conducted showed that eighty-four (24%) of 350 widows and widowers met criteria for depressive episodes at 2 months, 72 (23%) of 308 did so at 7 months, and 46 (16%) of 286 did so at 13 months, further supporting this claim that depression and emotional consequences of too much longevity should be of concern. (Zisook, S Shuchter, S. 1991) A fourth point that should raise concern for biologic implications for longevity revolve around care for the elderly. Today, families turn to nursing homes and assisted living to give the elderly the care and attention they need. The alarming factor now revolves around what actual care they are receiving in these places, as a congressional report made by CBS news correspondent Bill Whitaker previously stated that around 1,600 U. S. nursing homes, nearly one-third of all in total, have been cited for abuse. These reported abuses were of various types, spanning from physical, sexual and verbal. All abuse in all these forms is on the rise. The report further noted that that more than twice as many nursing homes were cited for abuse in 2000 than in 1996. It was further seen that in 1,601 nursing homes , around 1 in 10 abuse citations were made in serious incidents. By serious, it was meant that they either put residents at great risk of harm, injured them or killed them. (CBS news 2001) Imagine how greatly the health of these poor elderly could be affected by increased longevity. Already at this current time with our elderly, society is unable to provide adequate care for them, and resorting to nursing homes and various assisted living environments that have led to elderly abuse. What more an increase can be expected if people were to live into the hundreds. The population would have a drastic increase in the aged, thus increasing the burden on society to care for them. If at this current day and age, society already is unable to manage the abuse problem, then the health implications of longevity are grave in that they will aggravate the abuse by increasing the number of elderly left alone. Investigators have further said that many violations are neither detected nor reported, which leads officials to conclude that the problem is even underestimated. Surely, if society cannot currently manage the elderly and provide a good, healthy and safe environment for them, then there is no way that society can do so after a further increase in the aged that longevity research will bring. My fifth and final concern regarding longevity lies in the fact that it will now place a large amount of population that has needs to be fulfilled but cannot fulfill them on its own. Increasing longevity will increase the number of senior citizens and the number of non-working elderly dependent. The health concerns for this are immense, as the question that can now be raised is regarding who in society will provide for the health of these individuals who cannot earn a living for themselves. CDC research concerns states that the increased number of people with ages over 65 will potentially lead to increased health-care costs. The health-care cost per capita for persons from the age group over 65 years in the United States is three to five times greater than the cost for persons below that age. (CDC 2003) Imagine how this will increase if people were to live 20 years longer. Currently, the number of persons aged 65 years is expected to rise from around 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030. Longevity will even increase this number. Eventually, as resources will decline, then there will not be enough economic support to support the aged, leading to substandard healthcare and health risks. There may not be enough to provide them with medical needs, particularly because the working population may be outnumbered by the dependent elderly non-working populous. As such, in conjunction with many other previously discussed claims, the promise of longevity, although seemingly tempting, may not exactly be as, wonderful as it seems to be. WORKS CITED About. com:Mental health (2009) ‘Losing a Spouse: What Hurts and What Helps [online] Available from http://mentalhealth. about. com/library/sci/1102/blspouse1102. htm [April 6, 2009] Alzheimers association (2009) ‘What is Alzheimers’[online] Available from http://www. alz. org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers. asp#early [April 6, 2009] CBS news (2001) ‘Nursing Home Abuse Increasing’ [online] Available from http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2001/07/30/national/main304038. shtml [April 6, 2009] CDC (2003) ‘Public Health and Aging: Trends in Aging United States and Worldwide’ MMWR weekly[online] Available from http://www. cdc. gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5206a2. htm [April 6, 2009] Douglas, J. (2006) ‘New longevity research center launched to study supercentenarians’ Natural News [online] Available from http://www. naturalnews. com/020701. html [April 6, 2009] Hodes, R. (2003) ‘Human Longevity and Aging Research’. Special Committee on Aging [online] Available from http://www. nia. nih. gov/AboutNIA/BudgetRequests/HLAgingResearch. htm [April 6, 2009] Internet Stroke Center (2009) ‘Stroke Statistics’ [online] Available from http://www. strokecenter. org/patients/stats. htm [April 6, 2009] Zisook, S Shuchter, S. (1991) ‘Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse ’ Am J Psychiatry [online] Available from http://ajp. psychiatryonline. org/cgi/content/abstract/148/10/1346 [April 6, 2009]

Immigration In America

Immigration In America Immigration played a very important role in American history and is perhaps one of the greatest controversial issues of our present time. There are many sides to immigration, and no matter where you are from, most views on immigration are saddening. Most immigrants lead lives that the rest of us only read about in books. Something that we must remember is that at one time in our history, American encouraged relatively open immigration to settle its empty lands before the era of rapid communications and transportation. Mexicos relationship to the United States has a long history. In 1835 Texas, then Mexican territory, declared its independence and ten years later was annexed to the United States. After that came the U.S.-Mexican War. When it was over, the U.S. had acquired half the land that once belonged to Mexico, including all or parts of Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. With the land, the United States of course got Mexicans, many of them. The California Gold Rush brought in more, and others came later, lured by the prospect of making a better living here. Sometimes the Mexicans were invited, as they were during World War II by a treaty that allowed an unlimited number of temporary workers to fill agricultural jobs here. By the end of the program in 1964, more than 4.5 million Mexicans had come to work temporarily in the United States, far exceeding the number of permanent legal immigrants. Legal immigration, which had also increased steadily over the years, was eventually checked. But illegal immigrants, without having to cross an ocean to get there as did immigrants from Europe and Asia, started pouring in at the rate of hundreds of thousands a year. By the early 1980s, some 55 percent of all undocumented immigrants in the U.S. came from Mexico, accounting for an estimated two-thirds of all Mexican immigration. The U.S. government has cracked down over the years. It has erected barbed wire fences and high metal walls along the long border. It has raided businesses that purposely employ illegal workers in order to pay lower wages. Some of these businesses degrade the immigrant. They make them work endless hours and they do not pay overtime. They offer no insurance benefits and they allow them to live in very poor living conditions. Most of the immigrants do not know their rights. But still the immigrants come, sometimes risking their lives to cross the guarded borders, and when they do, most manage to keep their ties to their families in Mexico, something that few other immigrant groups can do. Immigration has lasted for many decades and to this day it shows little sign of slowing down. Immigrants come into the United States from all over the world. They come in for reasons such as to gain a better or higher education. Some come in seeking their fortune. Most immigrants come in to the United States because they have nothing, and only want to be able to survive. This is especially true for Mexican immigrants because of their countrys poverty. The United States became a poor Mexicans protection, his escape hatch, his alternative to the submission expected of him in the Old World. This may jar Americans who see the rough lives many immigrants leadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦To the man who departs pesoless yet returns with cash to spend, the United States affords dignity, respect, and sweet vindication. 1. Sam Quinones, Antonios Gun and Delfinos Dream. (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2007), 8. Not every man that leaves their county to seek a better life in the United States of America is able to fulfill their dream. This may be because some U.S. companies may contribute unwittingly to the exploitation of foreign workers. According to an article written in Business Week by Steve Hamm and Moira Herbst, In some cases companies target young men and women hungry to get well-paid tech jobs in the United States and charge them with exorbitant fees for visas, which is not allowed under American immigration laws. Even after paying, some workers never get a visa; those who do may find that the company they paid has no job for them. 2 Steve Hamm and Moira Herbst, Business Week: Americas High-Tech Sweat Shops, (The McGraw-Hill Companies, October 12, 2009), p. 034. Those immigrants that go back to Mexico to leave their families money and gifts are demonstrating to their people some of the American ways. Millions of money is transported from the U.S. into Mexico every year by illegal immigrants. Yet there are those times when law enforcers humiliate the immigrants by taking their belongings away from them. They take their hard earned money and the immigrants are deported, going home with nothing to show and penny-less as before. Then there are those that not only take their belongings, but also abuse them. The book Tangled Destinies: Latin America The United States by Coerver and Hall, talks about many incidents dealing with immigration. Two particular incidents really caught my attention. This is what I read, Two incidents in 1996 brought the tensions over illegal immigration, particularly from Mexico, into high relief. On 1 April 1996, Riverside County sheriffs deputies in southern California were videotaped beating two unresisting illegal al iens, while others scattered, after an hour-long, high-speed chase. One was a woman, Alicia Sotero Vasquez, who was dragged by her hair out of the pickup in which the illegals had been riding. Clearly ill and terrified, she appeared on television the next day with the Mexican consul to protest her treatment. Latino protests in Los Angeles accelerated through the week, culminating but not ending in a 6,000-person protest march in downtown Los Angeles on April 7. He two aliens brought suit against the County, later settling for $740,000. 3 Don M. Coerver, Linda B. Hall, Tangled Destinies: Latin America The United States, (Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1999), p. 214. The second incident involved seven migrants that were killed in an accident. They were assumed planning to evade the Border Patrol and instead had a taste of bad luck and ended up in a ditch. In neither of these two cases were the victims immediately identified, when to begin with the victims in both ca ses were supposed to have been smugglers that the Border Patrol was searching for. Unfortunately the real smugglers got away while innocent people were brutalized and some even killed. The question is, Could this have been prevented if handled differently by law officers? The Mexican migrant, also known as a Wetback, who only violates the immigration law does not consider himself a criminal or lawbreaker. He is playing a game, trying to outwit the authorities, in hopes of bettering himself. To be sure the stakes are high (his survival), but there are few sanctions. If he stays clear of the drug traffic, stealing, drunkenness, fighting, etc., that is if he does not violate local, state, or other federal laws, the worst that can happen to him when apprehended is a trip to the closest detention center. He is held there for a short period of time and then he is taken back to Mexico. This procedure seems a rather inconvenience because, more than likely, the immigrant heads for the United States once again, in hopes of returning to his job. Knowing the life in the U.S. as compared to the one in Mexico will keep him going back, regardless of the inconvenience. Becoming a wetback has been more the role of the male, since it entails long journeys, working with groups of men, hard labor, and a dangerous undertaking. A small percentage of the aliens who are apprehended are women and children. Unskilled women can work in a variety of jobs in agriculture, as dishwashers in restaurants, as hotel maids, as housemaids, or in custodial jobs. Nevertheless; they are most likely treated like the slaves of our history. Why would any individual in Mexico want to play this game? Many times they learn of commuters and they hear the exaggerated stories about the wealth of the United States, the jobs available, the high wages and the ease of crossing the border. It is not difficult to comprehend the poverty-induced desperation which will compel a man to endure whatever hardship and humiliation in order to be able to obtain a few pesos for the sheer survival of his family and himself. Most wetbacks understand that they will not be successful. But when one is at the bottom of the social heap, there is no place or position below. This leaves people with hope. Hope that they can hold on to a job without official detection. Many wetbacks have high aspirations. Some talk of saving money to buy land back in Mexico. Others seek to buy a car and go into the taxi business. Some wetbacks may allow themselves to be apprehended by border patrol agents because they feel that the United States prisons offer more than the poor rural areas in which they reside. Once they are apprehended though, they realize that they have to commit a crime or violate deportation regulations in order to actually be imprisoned. The results, they commit a crime and hope to get caught. Once in prison in the United States, they are provided with medical care, adult education classes, good clothes, warm and fairly comfortable living accommodations, and three meals per day. It is also possible for a prisoner to work in one of several occupations and send a check home to the family. In his book, Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints, Marcus Eli Ravage writes that Immigrants cannot easily become part of the American culture. He writes about living conditions that are degrading to immigrants and about the never ending hours of labor that immigrants work in sweatshops or on the streets. They pay high rent as if they were paying for extravagant apartments, yet this is not the case. 4 Marcus Eli Ravage, Immigration: Opposing Viewpoints. (San Diego: Greenhaven Press), l992. This book has different viewpoints on immigration. Lets look at illegal immigration in a different prospective. Yes, it is human to feel sadness for the migrant that is only trying to survive. Many of us Americans are doing the same thing. Some of us multitask with two and even three jobs. Some of us are lower-class American citizens, yet others are even classified below that, which is poverty. Look at the many single-parent families in America. These families, when facing tragedys such as divorce, fall from one class to another in a matter of days. What about the many Americans being laid off? They are losing their homes, and have to completely change their lifestyles. Some are working jobs they never before thought they would. For the many families in crisis in America, life for them is similar to the lives that most migrants have to face. Sometimes the only difference is that we are American citizens, and they are not. Another issue is that in which a migrant is hired for a job before an American because of the ability for the employer to pay lower wages, and be okay with it. Most migrants accept what is offered, as long as they are able to provide for their families. This causes ill feelings towards Americans that are also trying to provide for their own families. Sometimes people have immigrant women cleaning their houses for very low wages, and when those employees are no longer with them, they find it hard to pay higher wages to the U.S. citizen willing to do the job. Who is in the wrong? People have different opinions about issues such as these. Many say that America is supposed to be the land for ALL people. What happens when there are more people than there are resources, such as in Africa where people are dying of starvation? There is not enough medicine for everyone so people are dying of many illnesses. This is not what America wants to happen. Yet there are millions of immigrants coming into the United States. Yes, some become legal immigrants in time. But do they abide by our laws? Do they make an effort to learn the English language? Or do they tell you they do not speak English. It seems that they want to be here so bad yet they do not care to learn the language. An article in the USA Today, July 30, 2010 issue talks about the problems that the state of Arizona is encountering as a consequence of illegal immigration. A retired Army sergeant says that when he approaches Spanish-speaking grocery store clerks in his hometown of Buckeye, near Phoenix, they rarely help him. They reply, No Ingles. 5 Alan Gomez and Kevin J ohnson, USA Today, Friday, July 30, 2010. 3A. Many states feel that the federal government is not controlling the illegal immigrants coming into the states. They feel that as a result our schools are overcrowded. There is much more violence in our cities, and states are facing economic and environmental problems. 6 USA, 3A. Is it time to put a stop to this ongoing situation that has worsened throughout the years? An Arizona Republican Governor, Jan Brewer definitely believes that the problem must be addressed. Jan Brewer is taking the immigration crisis in Arizona into her own hands. A new immigration law, the Arizona SB 1070 law, requires police to check the immigration status of people they lawfully stop and suspect are in the country illegally. Other states have immigrant laws as well. Colorado restricts undocumented immigrants from receiving in-state tuition. Nebraska requires verification of immigration status to obtain public benefits. There are hundreds of immigration-related laws on the books across the United States that regulate employment, law enforcement, education, benefits and health care, but Arizonas strict new law has generated the most controversy. As a result many people have been arrested for protesting and causing chaos in Arizona. According to the El Paso Times, The U.S. Department of Justice filed a lawsuit to stop the Arizona law from taking effect on July 29, saying that immigration policy is a national responsibility and a patchwork of state laws will only create more problems than it solves. 7 El Paso Times, June 18, 2010, 4A. But according to experts, that is precisely what exists. During the first three months of 2010, lawmakers introduced more than 1,000 bills and resolutions, though it is too early to tell how many will become law. Bills on topics such as employment verification and drivers license requirements are on the table in 45 states. Legislators in five states-South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Rhode Island and Michigan-have introduced similar bills to Arizonas SB 1070. 8 El Paso Times, 4A. Many believe that because of the federal governments negligence to face immigration responsibilities the states are scrambling. States have a long history of enacting immigration laws. In 1996, after Congress denied welfare to most legal immigrants, states stepped in with laws to provide safety-net services. After the September 11 attacks, state lawmakers passed bills aimed at protecting national security. People were concerned about dangerous immigrants in their midst and thought they should take matters into their own hands. The increase in state laws parallels the changing settlement patterns of undocumented immigrants. Between 1990 and 2008, illegal immigration slowed significantly in California but grew in Georgia, North Carolina and other states because those states are not the typical immigrant-receiving states and therefore are not accustomed to having large immigrant populations. Because of this Arizona law, undocumented immigrants who decide to leave the United States because of increasing enforcement and decreasing job prospects now face one more obstacle: the threat of arrest and deportation by border officers inspecting outbound traffic. When illegal immigrants are detected trying to leave the country, they are not just ushered across the line. Instead, their information is entered into a database before they are allowed to return to Mexico. 9 The Arizona Republic, Aug.3,2010. The objective is not to deter illegal immigrants who want to leave America but to catch those who have criminal records or are involved in smuggling. Round the clock screening of southbound traffic is being conducted by officials. The scrutiny is designed to catch smugglers delivering currency and firearms to Mexican cartels. Immigrants coming into the United States for the purpose of doing illegal activity will have to face consequences. Arizonas climate is scorching hot and almost unbearable in the summer. Temperatures may go up to the 120s, especially in the desert. Whatever the temperature, people are still making the attempt to get into the United States, but more than ever, people are risking their lives to return home, regardless of the heat. Associated Presss Amanda Lee Myers writes that The number of deaths among undocumented immigrants crossing the Arizona desert from Mexico is soaring so high this month that the medical examiners office that handles the bodies is using a refrigerated truck to store some of them. 10Associated Press, July 18, 2010. Myers writes that Dr. Bruce Parks, a medical examiner in Pima, Arizona has stated that his office, which handles immigrant bodies from three counties, is storing 250 immigrant bodies from July 1 to July 15.11 Associated Press, 4A. Authorities believe the high number of deaths are likely due to above-average and unrelenting heat in southern Arizona this month and on going tighter border security that pushes immigrants to more re mote, rugged and dangerous terrain. KOAT TV meteorologist Joe Diaz reported in mid July that Tucsons average nighttime lows in the first 15 days of July are the hottest for that period in recorded history. What is our President doing about this new Arizona immigration law? President Obama told the nation that he wants a nationwide immigration law. He wants immigration reform and says that Arizona has taken a step in the wrong direction. President Obama gave a speech on immigration on July 1, laying out his case for bipartisan immigration reform and calling out Republicans for uniformly opposing an initiative some of them supported when it was proposed by President Bush. The only thing Arizonas law will produce is chaos: Obama was right to take particular notice of the extremism of Arizona, says The New York Times in an editorial.12 The New York Times, July 2, 2010. The Times goes on to state, Its deeply unjust immigration law isnt just an invitation to racial profiling, but also a usurpation of federal authority and a prelude to the chaos that will ensue if different states have different immigration rules. Obamas right that illegal immigration cant really be handled in a piecemeal fas hion, says The Denver Post in an editorial, but that doesnt just apply to states taking the law into their own hands. Thanks in part to Arizonas law, the already overworked federal courts that handle immigration law are about to drown in cases. For border enforcement to work, Obama needs to hire more judges. Hasty immigration politics leaves courts overwhelmed. 13 The Denver Post, July 2, 2010. Obama warned of a patchwork of immigration laws arising as states and localities go their own ways. Barack Obama says he does not approve or oppose the boycotts that some cities and groups have called for in response to the Arizona law, which makes it a crime under state law to be in the country illegally. He reaffirmed his opposition to the law, saying its the wrong approach. He has asked the Justice Department to review the law to determine whether it violates civil liberties. Obama says he will continue to push lawmakers to work on a bipartisan approach to comprehensive immigration reform. Immigration played a very important role in American history, and like I stated before, it is perhaps one of the greatest controversial issues of our present time. Yes, I will continue to feel saddened by the experiences that so many people live. My belief is that we are all created equal and we all come from the heavens above, but unfortunately the world is different for all of us, and not always are we all free to live our lives as we choose. I do not care for the drug trafficking taking place, nor do I care for the violent crimes being committed by so many immigrants. I do believe that the federal government has allowed this to happen over the years. If Americas lax immigration system would come to an end and instead enforce its immigration laws with not only consistency but also common sense, America would be a safer place for all of us. For the immigrants crossing the border, sufficient law enforcement is the only way to keep them from entering the United States. For those immigrants coming in by sea or air, we must have strict policies and we must make sure that the people working at entry points do their jobs in assessing the security needed to keep illegal migrants from entering the U.S. Airport inspectors, no matter what delays they may be encountering, must carefully examine visas before stamping their approval. They must request required documentation, regardless of the hassle it may involve. As Americans, we do not want our country to become like Africa, with so many people that it cannot provide for them. We want to have plenty of resources, and we want to live freely, as our country is The Land of the Free. End Notes Alan Gomez and Kevin Johnson, USA Today, Friday, July 30, 2010. 3A Ibid.,3A. Associated Press, July 18, 2010, 1A. Ibid., 1A Don M. Coerver and Linda B. Hall, Tangled Destinies: Latin America and the United States, (Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press), 1999. Kevin Kiley, The Arizona Republic, August 3, 2010. Marcus Eli Ravage, Immigration: Opoosing Viewpoints. Viewpoint 2. (San Diego: Greenhaven Press), 1992. Ramon Bracamontes, Immigration, El Paso Times, June 18, 2010, 4A. Ibid., 4A Sam Quinones, Antonios Gun and Delfinos Dream, (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press), 2007. Steve Hamm and Moira Herbst, Americas High-Tech Sweatshops, Business Week. October 12, 2009, Pages 34-39. The Denver Post, July 2, 2010. The New York Times, July 2, 2010.

Development of Four Year Old | Observational Study

Development of Four Year Old | Observational Study INTRODUCTION TO CHILD DEVELOPMENT Felicia Heong Shin Nin Yvonne Michelle a/p Stephen Das ( ) Ahmad Syazwan ( ) Acknowledgements This book is the result of research on 4 year old children development. The purpose of this book is to share the knowledge and experience collected in the period of time given. I was stimulated by the different milestones a child goes through while growing up and how to tell the difference between a child who is just taking his or her and one who has a true developmental delay. This book is intended for people to understand children’s behavior and guide them along the way.In preparation of this book, many have contributed many helpful comments and information both directly and indirectly, I would therefore like to say thank you to those who made it possible for me to study this subject more in-depth, theoretically as well as practically. There are also some individuals who I need to personally thank for their helpful assistance. A big thank you goes out to my lecturer, Miss Lee Wai Mun for her generous knowledge, research and experience, all of which have been of great importa nce in the writing process of this book. Finally, none of the people I have mentioned are to be held account for the final version you have in your hands. All of the content in this book is entirely my responsibility. But I hope that the information in this book will enlightened you and help you understand more about the developments of a child. Introduction Children grow in unique ways. While children develop at their own pace, every child should do certain tasks by a certain age and its impossible to tell exactly when a child will learn a given skill. Theres more to tracking a child’s development than logging height and weight as the process ofdevelopingfrom a baby into a child requires the achievement of manymilestonesin language, physical, social, emotional development, etc. Hence, developmental milestones give parents a general idea of the changes to expect as the child gets older. This book is about your four year old child. In the course of this year children are moving out of babyhood into childhood. They have rich imaginations, they may have strong fears, they love to play and they enjoy physical activity. They are beginning to be more comfortable spending some time away from their usual comfort zone. Sometimes they are timid about trying new things. Of course all four year olds are different and they may develop at different rates. Indeed, sometimes it’s a case of two steps forward and one step back, with children appearing to forget the things they once knew. Although it is difficult to define ‘normal’ development, there are some milestonesthat children can be expected to achieve. However, if you are worried about your childs development, or if they cant do things that they used to do for more than a short time, it is important to see a pediatrician or child health nurse. If there is anything wrong, getting in early will help. Otherwise it is good to know that your child is developing normally in his or her own special way. It is of utmost importance to remember that the milestones are approximate, not absolute. Each child develops at his or her own pace, and some stages may occur earlier or later this guidebook allows explanations of variations physical, cognitive, emotional, and social developmental milestones to be expected during the first year of life to gain insight into observing in children today and to preview what to look forward to in the years ahead. Chapter One: Cognitive Milestone Most children this age can speak clearly using more complex sentences and enjoy singing, rhyming, and making up words. They are energetic, silly, and, at times, rowdy and obnoxious. Children this age can also count ten or more objects and correctly name at least four colors and three shapes. They are able to recognize some letters and possibly write his or her name. Cognitive development, or the process of growth in intellectual abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding, is a major component of early childhood. According to the World Health Organization, early childhood is the most important phase of development throughout the lifespan. So games for cognitive development during early childhood are an effective way to help kids grow intellectually. Categorizing is the type of games that encourage sorting, matching and classifying and are excellent for cognitive development. Identifying colors is a necessary skill that people use every day—for choosing which clothes to wear, reading signs, following traffic signalsand describing the surrounding world. This activity provides an interactive, colorful way for your preschooler to practice color recognition. It introduces children to this bright new world of colors using ordinary household objects such as buttons to group these objects into different sections and learn to recognize colors using a homemade egg carton sorter. Lesson Plan: Date: 10th April 2015 Time: 10.40 a.m.-11.20 a.m. Duration: 35 minutes Years: 4 years old Name of activity: Name it, Sort it Materials: 3 Paper egg carton (half-dozen or full dozen), different brightly-colored buttons. Theme: Color Day Focus: (BM 2.0) Kemahiran Bertutur (PFK 1.0) Perkembangan Motor Halus (ST 2.0) Kemahiran Saintifik Standard Content: (BM 2.1) Berinteraksi dengan mesra (PFK 1.2) Melakukan kemahiran kordinasi mata tangan dalam perkembangan kemahiran motor halus. (ST 2.3) Membanding dan mengelaskan objek. Learning Standard: (BM 2.1.1) Berbual dengan sebutan perkataan yang betul. (PFK 1.2.5) Menggunakan jari untuk menguntai objek bersaiz besar dengan menggunakan tali besar. (ST 2.3.1) Membanding dan mengumpulkan objek-objek mengikut satu ciri: A.)Warna B.)Bentuk Procedure: Steps/ Time Content Activity Remarks/ Materials Set Induction (5 minutes) Color song Teacher would ask the children to sit on the floor in a circle. Teacher sings the color song and asks the children to sing and clap along. â€Å"Red, yellow, green and blue, green and blue, , Red, yellow, green and blue, Purple, orange, brown and black, Red, yellow, green and blue, green and blue.† -Tune of song is of, â€Å"Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes†. Step 1 (5 minutes) Group name Teacher divides children into 3 groups, each group consisting of 5 children. Children are asks to name their group and come up front of the class to introduce their friends. Step 2 (5 minutes) Name the colors Teacher shows the painted egg carton to the children. Teacher distributes the egg carton to each group. Then, each group is to stand up and name all the colors painted on the egg carton. -Egg carton. Step 3 (10 minutes) Buttons Teacher gives out same amount of different color buttons to each group. Each child is then instructed to sort the buttons into the colors painted on the egg carton. Each child take turns to sort the buttons into the egg carton. -Buttons, egg carton. -The buttons distributed are the same colors painted on the egg carton. Step 4 (5 minutes) Sort and name it Teacher will asks the child to say the name the color of the buttons out loud as they sort it into the egg carton. Teacher will then pick one child from each group to come in front of the class and name the colors as they sort the buttons. -Buttons. Step 5 (5 minutes) Magic color box Children will be ask to sit into a big circle. Teacher will give the children a box. Inside the box is crayons of different colors. Children will sing the magic song, â€Å"Pass, pass, pass the color, This is the game we play! When the little song is through, The color name we’ll say.† The children will pass the box around singing the color song until the color stops. Once the song ends, the child that holds the box will put their hand into the box and take a crayon out. The child will tell the color of the crayon. Repeat the game until every child has at least play once. -Box filled with different colors of crayons. -Tune of song is of â€Å"Row, Row, Row Your Boat† Reflection: Children like the games and songs of the activity. Children paid attention to instructions. Children tend to throw buttons too hard in the egg carton or throw at their friends. In the future, use much bigger objects than buttons, such as sponges or straws. Chapter 2: Physical Milestone Chapter 3: Social/Emotional Milestone Chapter 4: Language Milestone Four year olds are now talking in simple sentences and there is so much going on inside their head that often it seems as though the words can’t come out fast enough to describe it all. They often stutter and stumble when trying to express themselves. It can be exhausting to listen and explain things to your child but exciting to be able to share in their rich imaginings. They love to be read to and may want the same book over and over again. Four year olds get across what they want to say in most situations. Some four year olds speak very clearly, while others still use some ‘baby talk’. Some may stumble over some words but this will probably clear up by itself within the year. The average four year old can understand 1000 or more words. Four year olds can usually understand ‘place’ words such as – under, on, beside, back, over. Four year olds ask questions beginning with ‘What’, ‘Who’, ‘Where’ and ‘Why’? They can talk about what happened yesterday and about tomorrow. You can build on what your four year old says to you. Don’t correct their unsuccessful efforts at words but respond positively with the correct word in your reply. Try to be patient. Ask them questions. Some children become such enthusiastic talkers that their constant ‘what’ can become irritating for parents. Most will respond to your request for you to have some quiet time from their questions – at least for a few minutes! Lesson Plan: Date: Time: 10.40 a.m.-11.20 a.m. Duration: 40 minutes Years: 4 years old Name of activity: Shake and Name Materials: Laminated plastic, 3 plastic bottles, clean water, edible food coloring, waterproof marker, colorful beads and buttons. Theme: Words Focus: (BI 3.0) Reading Skills (ST 2.0) Kemahiran Saintifik (BI 4.0) Writing Skills Standard Content: (BI 3.2) Read simple words with understanding. (BI 3.3) Read phrases with understanding. (ST 2.1) Membuat pemerhatian ke atas objek dan fenomena alam di persekitaran. (BI 4.1) Pre-writing skills. Standard Learning: ( BI 3.2.2) Read simple words. (ST 2.1.4) Memerhati dan bercerita secara verbal tentang pemerhatian yang telah dibuat. (BI 3.3.1) Read simple phrases with guidance (e.g. sit down, red ball). (BI 4.1.1) Engage in activities requiring eye-hand coordination. Procedure: Steps/ Time Content Activity Remarks/ Materials Set Induction (5 minutes) Step 1 (10 minutes) Step 2 (5 minutes) Step 3 (5 minutes) Step 4 (5 minutes) Step 5 (5 minutes) Conclusion (5 minutes) Reflection: Chapter 5: Math and Science Milestone Four-year-olds have an increased capacity for learning math concepts. They use logical reasoning to solve everyday problems, and can effectively use language to compare and describe objects and shapes. They can count to ten, recognize written numerals 0 to 9, and add and subtract using numbers up to four. Four-year-olds know some variations of a circle, square, triangle and rectangle. They know days of the week, months, and the seasons, but still cannot tell time. Children are naturally curious about the world and want to find out as much as they can. They want to know what makes the wind blow, how trees grow, why fish have fins, and where turtles go in the winter. But they don’t want adults to give them the answers. They want to be the discoverers, the experimenters, and the theory builders. They don’t want science to be something that is imparted to them; they want it to be something that they do. They want to be scientists; not just consumers of science. They want to ask their own questions, collect their own data, and arrive at new and wonderful ideas. These â€Å"wants† should shape the foundation of an early childhood science curriculum. If you’ve ever dripped food coloring into oil before, you’ll remember the beautiful, jewel-like drops of color floating separate in the oil. This is because oil and water truly don’t mix. If you shake them up, they emulsify, but eventually separate back into oil and water. This activity is to teach children about science but at the same time involves math. The ingredients are using edible ingredients, this makes them a safe science activity for children to make on their own! Lesson Plan: Date: Time: 10.40 a.m.-11.20 a.m. Duration: 40 minutes Years: 4 years old Name of activity: Shake and Count Materials: Two plastic bottle, cooking oil, clean water, food coloring, oil-based coloring, a bamboo skewer, waterproof marker, Beads, Buttons, laminated plastic. Theme: Science and Math Focus: (ST 2.0) Kemahiran Saintifik (ST 7.0) Konsep Nombor (ST 4.0) Menyiasat Alam Bahan Standard Content: (ST 2.1) Membuat pemerhatian ke atas objek dan fenomena alam di persekitaran. (ST 7.1) Memahami nombor 1-10. (ST 4.1) Meneroka sifat umum bahan. Learning Standard: (ST 2.1.4) Memerhati dan bercerita secara verbal tentang pemerhatian yang telah dibuat. (ST 7.1.1) Menyebut nama nombor 1 hingga 10 (rote counting). (ST 7.1.2) Memadankan angka 1 hingga 10 dengan nama nombor secara lisan. (Contoh 2-dua) (ST 4.1.1) Memerhati dan mengumpulkan objek kepada yang tenggelam dan timbul. Procedure: Steps/ Time Content Activity Remarks/ Materials Set Induction (5 minutes) Counting beans Teacher divides children to three groups. Each group containing 5 children. Teacher takes out three bags filled with beans. The bags are then distributed to the children. In front of the classroom is a Step 1 (10 minutes) Step 2 (5 minutes) Step 3 (5 minutes) Step 4 (5 minutes) Step 5 (5 minutes) Conclusion (5 minutes) Reflection: Chapter 6: Music Milestone Four-year-olds can identify changes in pitch, tempo, loudness and musical duration. They can sing songs of their own creation as well as memorized ones. Their art begins to be more realistic, and may incorporate letters. Four-year-olds love to dance, and are able to move rhythmically and smoothly. Their dramatic play is highly imaginative and now has the structure of specific scenarios, like going to the grocery store or rescuing a cat stuck in a tree. By now, 4 year olds can understand basic principles of tone, tempo, genre, pitch, etc. (e.g., can describe which songs are fast and slow or high and low). They can sing complex songs and play an instrument alone as well as with group (e.g., learns newly introduced songs by memory in a day or two). 4 year olds also can use music to reflect thoughts and feelings (e.g., starts buzzing like a bee while looking through a storybook on insects). If taught, children will regard music as a part of daily life (e.g., gets out mat for nap upon hearing soft music being played, puts away toys when clean-up song is sung). Lesson Plan: Date: Time: 10.40 a.m.-11.20 a.m. Duration: 40 minutes Years: 4 years old Name of activity: Shake it Materials: Three teaspoons uncooked rice, dried beans, two empty diet shake cans or soda cans, clear packing tap, pencil, scissors, markers or stickers. Theme: Focus: Content Standard: Standard Learning: Procedure: Steps/ Time Content Activity Remarks/ Materials Set Induction (5 minutes) Step 1 (10 minutes) Step 2 (5 minutes) Step 3 (5 minutes) Step 4 (5 minutes) Step 5 (5 minutes) Conclusion (5 minutes) Reflection: Put the rice in an empty diet shake can (soda cans dont last as long, but they will work for this project.) Remove the tab and seal the opening with clear packing tape. If you like, make your own cool label for the can. To make the label, cut a piece of paper nine inches long and four and one-half inches wide. Decorate the label with markers or stickers. Tape one side of the label to the can. Then make small rolls of tape and stick them between the label and the can. Wrap the label around the can so that the loose end overlaps the taped end, and tape down the loose end. Put dried beans in the other can, and make a decorated label for that one, too. Try using the rice can for a lighter sound and the bean can for a louder sound. Start shaking! Kids can turn office supplies into sound machines with the activity on the next page. Chapter 7: Art and Creativity Milestone By age 4, many children are learning to better control their hand and wrist movements. They are making forms and objects that are almost, but not quite, recognizable to adults. Circles, lines and crosses are always popular forms. Some 4 year olds may begin naming their drawings. In the middle of drawing, a child may look and say something like, This is a truck, or, This is Mommy. Naming artwork is a big step that shows the child has begun to think in terms of mental pictures. It doesn’t matter that the drawing has little or no resemblance to Mommy. What matters is that the child has discovered that drawing is more than just something physically fun to do. Gradually, some of these forms have taken shape and adults can identify them as people, houses, cars or whatever the young artist intended to draw. Typical drawings at this age are pictures of people consisting of large heads that appear to have arms and legs growing out of them. There is usually little evidence of relative size in these drawings. Tiny legs sprout out of huge heads. A drawing of a butterfly may be twice as big as a dog. Whatever is most important to the child at the time gets the biggest play on the page; what is not important may simply be left out. That’s why children may leave out fingers, necks or other body parts. It’s not that children don’t notice that people have fingers; it’s just that fingers are not important to them at the time they are drawing. During this stage, children may find colors very exciting. Children are not concerned with realistic color representations. They just like to use color. One child may make everything on the page red. Another may use every color in the box on one drawing. Child care providers should not require children to use certain colors or try to read any deep psychological meanings into a child’s choice of colors. Lesson Plan: Date: Time: 10.40 a.m.-11.20 a.m. Duration: 40 minutes Years: 4 years old Name of activity: Hand Paint Materials: Colorful paint, clean cloth, clean water, newspaper, paint brush Theme: Art and Creativity Focus: (KTI 1.0) Seni Visual (PFK 1.0) Perkembangan Motor Halus Content Standard: (KT 1.1) Menggunakan pengetahuan tentang bahan dan teknik dalam menghasilkan karya seni. (KTI 1.2) Menzahirkan idea kreatif dalam penghasilan karya. (Ekspresi kreatif) (KTI 1.3) Menunjukkan apresiasi seni. (PFK 1.0) Melakukan kemahiran motor halus. Standard Learning: (KTI 1.1.1) Mengenal bahan yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan sesuatu karya contohnya berus dengan bimbingan guru. (KTI 1.2.4) Membuat corak dan rekaan yang mudah melalui pelbagai aktiviti. (KTI 1.3.1) Menceritakan dan mempamerkan hasil kerja sendiri. (PFK 1.1.3) Menggunakan tangan untuk meramas (mix). Procedure: Steps/ Time Content Activity Remarks/ Materials Set Induction (5 minutes) Step 1 (10 minutes) Step 2 (5 minutes) Step 3 (5 minutes) Step 4 (5 minutes) Step 5 (5 minutes) Conclusion (5 minutes) Reflection: